Thirdly, it solves some issues with access to applications that we faced as a small company. Secondly, supporting remote PCs has always been problematic because there aren’t always PC-savvy people on the other end to do the things that need to be done to bring a computer back to life. With the outsourcer, we don’t have to worry about upgrades - they handle it. One of the advantages of using service providers for us is that we don’t have to worry about upgrading our software to the latest rev or patch level. We haven’t started this phase yet, but it will happen very soon, and I’m anxious to see the results. So we’ll be using Web browsers to access our applications wherever we are, which we anticipate will be great for our remote workers and traveling employees. Instead of having application software installed on each client computer, our outsourcer will host our applications through Citrix’s Metaframe using server-based computing. Plus, we will outsource the hosting of our IT infrastructure, including our Exchange servers. And the price was right, which made it very cost-effective to use an outsourcer for this function. We simply didn’t have the expertise in-house nor the bandwidth to implement internal spam filtering. We have outsourced our anti-virus and spam filtering to a local company. We still maintained our infrastructure internally, but the third-party outsourcer managed it and resolved any problems that arose for us. Then, due to a variety of factors, we eventually outsourced IT support. We continued in this mode for a few years. We then grew and progressed to the point at which we hired a person whose main job was to support IT for the company. When things became more complex, requiring the addition of a LAN and other pieces to our small infrastructure, we still used the same internal person to support IT, but used an outside company to provide specialized support when our internal person needed help. That person had other core job responsibilities and supported IT as needed. As a small company, we initially had an internal person supporting our individual PCs in an ad-hoc manner. Our results demonstrate that researchers must deliberately design and deploy the right xAI techniques in the right scenario by carefully considering human-machine team composition and how the xAI method augments SA.It is interesting to me to see the evolution within our own organization with respect to IT and outsourcing. On the other hand, expert performance degrades with the addition of xAI-based support ($p<0.05$), indicating that the cost of paying attention to the xAI outweighs the benefits obtained from being provided additional information to enhance SA. Novices benefit from xAI providing increased SA ($p<0.05$) but are susceptible to cognitive overhead ($p<0.05$). Importantly, we find that the benefits of xAI are not universal, as there is a strong dependence on the composition of the human-machine team. Second, we examine how different SA levels induced via a collaborative AI policy abstraction affect ad hoc human-machine teaming performance. First, we show that xAI techniques can support SA ($p<0.05)$. In this paper, we present two novel human-subject experiments quantifying the benefits of deploying xAI techniques within a human-machine teaming scenario. Rapidly developing such mental models is especially critical in ad hoc human-machine teaming, where agents do not have a priori knowledge of others' decision-making strategies. Importantly, xAI offers the promise of enhancing team situational awareness (SA) and shared mental model development, which are the key characteristics of effective human-machine teams. Despite this recent interest, the utility of xAI techniques has not yet been characterized in human-machine teaming. Recent advances in machine learning have led to growing interest in Explainable AI (xAI) to enable humans to gain insight into the decision-making of machine learning models. Rohan Paleja, Muyleng Ghuy, Nadun Ranawaka Arachchige, Reed Jensen, Matthew Gombolay Abstract Bibtex Paper Reviews And Public Comment » Supplemental
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